
Gazeteci Soner Yalçın, aşı hakkında öne sürdüğü iddialarını
desteklemek için, her bilim düşmanı gibi esasında kapitalizmle savaştığını,
aşıların ilaç tekellerinin oyunu olduğunu söyledi. Ama ulusalcı kimliğiyle
tanınan Soner Bey, aşıların en azından Türkiye’deki tarihi hakkında kısa bir inceleme
yapsaydı, bu iddiasının yanlış olduğunu derhal fark ederdi. Belki de bizden
daha iyi biliyordur, fakat kitabının satış rakamlarını etkilememesi ve bilim
düşmanlığının yarattığı şimdiki popülaritesini kaybetmemek adına okurlarından
kasten saklama gereği duymuştur.
Bu sebeple Soner Yalçın’ın sakladığı gerçeklerden bir kısmını
hatırlatmakla başlayalım:
1887’de Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i
Askeriye-i Şahane`de kuduz aşısı üretimi başladı.
1911 yılında tifo, 1913
yılında kolera, dizanteri ve veba aşılarının da Türkiye’de üretimi başladı.
1927`de verem aşısı üretimi başladı.
Bu aşıların tümü, önce Osmanlı Devleti’nin, daha
sonra Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kamu kaynaklarıyla ve devletin sağlık
kurumlarında üretildi. O halde aşıların geçmişten beri kapitalizm eliyle
üretildiği, pazarlandığı ve dünyayı zehirlediği iddiasının hiçbir dayanağı
yoktur. Aşıların başka ülkelerdeki, hatta Batılı ülkelerdeki tarihi incelenirse
de aşağı yukarı bu sonuca ulaşılacaktır. Elbette günümüz dünyasında sağlığı
büyük ölçüde özel sektör kontrol etmektedir ve bir konuyu enine boyuna
araştırmayı sevmeyen kişilere biraz yarım yamalak bilgi, biraz komplo teorisi,
biraz da anti-kapitalizm ruhu beraberce paketlenmiş olarak sunulduğunda, bu
insanları inandırmak kolay olmaktadır.
Oysa aşıların tarihi o kadar masumdur ki, gazeteci Soner Yalçın’ın
Kara Kutu kitabının kapitalist bir kurumda üretildiği, pazarlandığı ve
sırf kâr amacıyla halkı zehirlediği daha doğrudur ve göz önündedir. Bu
masumiyetin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için gelin Polio (Çocuk Felci) aşısının
tarihine kısaca göz atalım.
Çocuk felci, ikinci dünya savaşından sonra dünya genelinde
şiddetli salgınlar yaptıktan sonra, binlerce çocuğun ölümüne ve yüz
binlercesinin sakat kalmasına sebep olduktan sonra, hem ABD’de hem de SSCB’de
aşı geliştirme çalışmaları başlatıldı. ABD’de üretilen Salk aşısı kısmen
kullanıma girdi, ancak aşının enjeksiyon şeklinde uygulanması ve aşı
komplikasyonlarının beklenenden sık olması sebebiyle dünyada yaygın bir
kullanım sahası bulamadı. Bir başka ABD’li bilim adamı Sabin ise oral Polio
aşısı üzerinde çalışıyordu, ancak seri üretimine geçilememiş ve etkinliğini
kanıtlamak için bilimsel çalışmalar yapılamamıştı.
SSCB’li bilim adamı Chumakov da oral aşının daha etkin olacağını
ve kullanım kolaylığı hesaba katıldığında, Asya, Afrika ve Doğu Avrupa
coğrafyasında daha hızlı bir sonuç alınacağını düşünüyordu. İki ülke arasındaki
uzun süreli görüşmelerden sonra, 1956 Ocak ayında SSCB’den Chumakov,
Voroshilova ve Smorodintsev ABD’ya Sabin’le görüşmeye gitti. 1956 Haziran’ında
ise Sabin SSCB’ye gelerek bilimsel toplantılara katıldı ve laboratuvar
gezintileri yaptı. Bu görüşmeler birkaç ay boyunca karşılıklı olarak devam etti
ve bilgi alışverişinde bulunuldu. Elbette bu bilimsel işbirliğinin tümü hem CIA
hem de KGB tarafından yakın takip altında yapılmıştı.
Nihayet 1957 yılında, Sabin aşılama için uygun bir Polio virüs alt-tipini
kargo ile Leningrad’daki bir laboratuvara gönderdi. Çok geçmeden Chumakov’un
Moskova’daki laboratuvarında, daha önce Çiçek aşısı için Sovyet bilim adamı Viktor
Zhdanov tarafından geliştirilen ve Çiçek hastalığının dünya genelinde yok
edilmesini sağlayan liyofilizasyon (soğuk kurutma) tekniği ile aşılar üretildi
ve paketlendi.

1957 yılında ilk başta 67 kişi üzerinde denenen aşı, sonraki
yıllarda katlanarak daha fazla kişi üzerinde denendi ve etkinliği ve
zararsızlığı kanıtlandı. 1959 yılına gelindiğinde Sovyetler Birliğinde 15
milyondan fazla çocuk aşılandı. SSCB Sağlık Bakanlığı 1960 yılında 77 milyon
kişinin daha aşılanması için çalışmalar başlattı.
Bunun ardından dünya genelinde, hatta en çok ABD’de kullanıma
girmiş olmasına rağmen orada da Salk aşısı terk edildi ve Sabin-Chumakov
işbirliği ile bilime ve insanlığa kazandırılan, yaygın olarak SSCB’de üretilen
oral Polio aşısına geçildi. Zhdanov’un Sovyet patentli liyofilizasyon tekniği
sayesinde aşı geniş coğrafyalar boyunca biyolojik etkinliğini kaybetmeden en uç
köylere kadar ulaştırıldı ve bütün dünya çocukları ölümden ve sakatlıktan
korunmaya başladı. Bugün hala belirli ülkelerde ve savaşlar sebebiyle
aşılamanın sekteye uğradığı çeşitli bölgelerde Polio görülüyor olsa da, başta
ABD, Rusya, Japonya, Küba, Çin, Türkiye ve Avrupa’da, başarılı aşılama kampanyaları
sebebiyle hastalık neredeyse yok edilme seviyesine gelmiştir. Yine de göçler,
savaşlar ve aşı karşıtlığı sebebiyle önümüzde uzun bir yol vardır.
Şimdi gazeteci Soner Yalçın’a sormak isteriz. Madem aşılar
kapitalizmin oyunuydu, o halde SSCB neden Polio aşısı geliştirdi, üretti ve
dünyaya açtı, yine aynı SSCB Çiçek, Polio ve aşıyla önlenebilir başka bazı
hastalıkların dünya genelinde yok edilmesi için neden özel bir aşı koruma
teknolojisi geliştirdi? Yoksa SSCB de kapitalist bir ülkeydi de bizim mi haberimiz
yok? SSCB’yi Rockefeller ailesi yönetiyordu da bundan sadece Soner Bey’in mi
haberi var? Bildiklerini açıklarsa seviniriz.
Görüleceği üzere gazeteci Soner Yalçın’ın sözde
anti-kapitalizm üzerinden yarattığı aşı karşıtlığı tam bir safsatadadır. Türkiye,
Osmanlı’dan beri ve Atatürk devrimleriyle artan bir şekilde kamu kaynaklarıyla
aşı üretmiştir; SSCB de aynı şekilde, kapitalist üretim ilişkilerinin
yokluğunda, doğrudan sosyalist bir ekonomi içinde aşı üretmiş ve yaygın aşılama
kampanyaları yapmıştır. Küba ve Çin de aşılamaya yüksek düzeyde önem veren
ülkelerdir. Burada bir kapitalist arayacaksak, kitabının satışını arttırmak için
kanal kanal dolaşan, çalıştığı OdaTv’yi ikinci sınıf pazarlama ekranına
dönüştüren Soner Yalçın’dan başkası değildir bu.
Bülent Boz
Nöroloji Uzmanı
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