Tıp fakültesi öğrencisinden Soner Yalçın’a mektup

medikritik Pt, 25/11/2019 - 06:49

Sayın Soner
Yalçın,

Uzun
yıllardır kitaplarınızı okurum. Son çıkan “Kara Kutu” kitabınızı da tıp
fakültesi okumam sebebiyle büyük bir ilgiyle derhal alıp okumaya başladım.
Kitabın sayfalarını çevirdikçe şaşkınlık içerisine girmeye başladım.

AŞI VE OTİZM İLİŞKİSİZLİĞİ

Aşının otizm
ile ilişkili olduğunu dillendirerek vatandaşı “aşı yaparken iki kere düşünün”
diye ürkütmeniz ilginç. Keşke aşı ve otizm konusunda kitabınızda kaynak
gösterdiğiniz Wakefield’in akıbetini de araştırsaydınız.

Yıl: 1998

Yer:
İngiltere

Gastroenterolog Andrew Wakefield ve arkadaşları
Lancet’te kızamık-kızamıkçık-kabakulak (KKK) aşısı yapıldıktan 1 ay sonra 8
çocukta otizm belirtilerinin başladığını bildiriyorlar.

Wakefield, KKK aşısının bağırsak enflamasyonuna
neden olduğunu, bunun sonucunda peptitlerin önce kan dolaşımına, ardından da
beyne geçmesiyle otizmin geliştiğini ileri sürüyor.

Çeşitli ülkelerde farklı araştırmacılarca yapılan
20 epidemiyolojik çalışmada, KKK aşıları ve aşılarda kullanılan thimerosal ile
otizm arasında ilişkiyi destekleyen hiçbir veri elde edilemiyor; ileri sürülen
biyolojik mekanizmanın bilimsel bir temelinin olmadığı ortaya konuyor.

Sonraki yıllarda, Wakefield’in aşı üreticelerine
dava açan avukatlarla para ilişkisi içinde olduğu, bazı araştırmalarının bu
davalarda yer alan avukatlar tarafından finanse edildiği anlaşılıyor.

İngiltere’de Ocak 2010’da Genel Tıp Konseyi (GTK)
Wakefield’i sahtecilik, araştırma tıbbının temel ilkelerini tekrarlayarak ihlal
etme gibi başlıklarda suçlu buluyor.Şubat 2010’da Lancet dergisi makaleyi geri
çekiyor.Mayıs 2010’da GTK Wakefield’in hekimlik yetkisini iptal ediyor.

Çok değil,
30 yıl önceyi düşündüğümüzde yakınlarımızın kaç aşıyla önlenebilir ölüm, kalıcı
engellilik ya da hastalıkla boğuştuğunu, kaçının sağlıklı ve uzun bir yaşam
sürmekten mahrum kaldığını hatırlamak güç değildir. Bu hastalıklardan ne
difteri kayboldu yeryüzünden ne kızamık, ne çocuk felci ne de boğmaca. Artık bu
hastalıkları çok az görmemizin nedeni 1980’li yıllardan itibaren sürdürdüğümüz
yüksek bağışıklama oranlarıdır. Dolayısıyla aşı reddi oranları arttıkça,
bu hastalıkların yeniden ve çok üzücü bir şekilde tüm halkımızın sağlığını
tehdit edeceği açıktır. Çocuklarımızın sağlıklı yaşam hakkının en temel bileşenlerinden
biri olan aşıların yerini alabilecek alternatif bir uygulama yoktur.

Sağlık
Bakanlığı verilerine göre;

19 yıldır
Türkiye’de çocuk felci, 2004’ten bu yana difteri vakası yok.

2001’de 30
bin olan kızamık vakası 2016’da sadece 9’a indi. Aşı karşıtlığı yüzünden
2019’da tekrar 2 bin 391 vaka bilirildi.

Çünkü
aşılanmayan kişi sadece kendine değil, bulaşıcılık açısından çevresindeki
kişiler için de risk oluşturur.

Aşı karşıtlığı toplum sağlığı sorunudur.

 Toplumda aşı karşıtlığının artmasını bildiğiniz halde tarafınızı koruyucu hekimliğin direği olan aşılardan değil aşı yapmamaktan yana alarak halk sağlığı sorununa ortak oluyorsunuz. Evet, aşıları üreten ilaç endüstrisinin herkes farkında ve bundan şikayetçi. Ancak bu sorunun çözümü aşıyı reddetmek olamaz. Yerli aşı üretimiyle bu sorun çözülmelidir.

ÇÖZÜM YERLİ AŞI ÜRETİMİ

İlaç
endüstrisi ile o ilaçları kullanmayarak mı mücadele edilir? Siz ve sizinle aynı
düşünen bir grup hastanın ilaçlarınızı bırakarak bu düzene tavır(!) aldığını
düşünelim. İlerleyen zamanda hastalığınızın oluşturduğu komplikasyonlar neyle
tedavi edilecek? Yine ilaçla. Yani koskoca ilaç endüstrisine karşı kişisel bir
tavırla mücadele edilemez. Devlet düzeyinde mücadele edilir.

Çiçek
aşısını 19. Yüzyılda Avrupalılara öğreten Kurtuluş Savaşı’nın zor dönemlerinde
aşı üreten Türkiye’de, 12 Mart 1971 askeri darbesiyle tifüs aşısı üretimine ve
12 Eylül 1980 askeri darbesiyle çiçek aşısı üretimine son verildi. AB “uyum”
sürecinin ilk adımı Gümrük Birliği’ne girerek 1996’da kuduz aşısı, 1997’de BCG
aşısı ve 1998’de toptan aşı üretimine son verildi. Aşılar ülkemizde sadece
ithalat yoluyla temin edilmeye başlandı.

İlaç
endüstrisiyle ilaca ve aşıya karşı çıkarak değil, kendi aşımızı ve ilacımızı
üreterek karşı çıkabiliriz.

Hastalar popülizmin kurbanı oluyor

“Modern
Tıp”a aykırı söylemlerde bulunan doktorların ekranlara çıkarılmadığını
söylüyorsunuz. İnsaf!

Bugün en çok ekranlara çıkan doktor Canan Karatay değil mi?

Siz de kanal
kanal gezip modern tıp ve aşı karşıtlığınızı anlatmadınız mı?

Bugün
basında ve medyada en çok yer alan doktorlar sizin kitabınızda referans
gösterdiğiniz kişilerdir.

Aksine
bilimsel tezleri savunan kişiler ekranlardan esirgeniyor, hastalar popüler
söylemlerin kurbanı oluyor.

Sizin ilaç
endüstrisine kafa tutan(!) ve halkın yanında dediğiniz Canan Karatay, Ahmet
Rasit Küçükusta gibi kişilerin özel muayenehane randevusu 700 TL’den başlıyor
ve 6 aydan önce sıra gelmiyor. Acaba bu popülerlikte ekranların etkisi var
mıdır?

Sağlığın
ekonomi-politiğini incelerken bu durumu da hesaba kattınız mı?

 Bir örnek vereyim:

Çocuk acil
polikliniğinde nöbetçi olduğum bir gün içeri bebeğiyle bir anne girdi. Bebeğin
yüzü gözü şişmiş ve kızarıktı, zor nefes alıyordu. Anne ağlıyordu. Ne olduğunu
sorduğumuzda “çörekotu yağı içirdim, televizyonda söylediler.” dedi. Çocuğun
tanısı anafilaksiydi.  Anafilaksi ciddi
bir alerjik reaksiyondur. Allerjene maruz kalmanın ilk dakikaları içerisinde
vücudun bütünü etkilenir. Baş etkeni de içeriği bilinmeden alınan ölçüsüz
gıdalardır.

O çocuk
yaşıyor, ancak her gün yüzlerce çocuk denetimsiz kullanılan bitkisel ürünlere
bağlı allerji ve anafilaksi sebebiyle acillerimize geliyor.

Televizyonda
sürekli halka alternatif tıp adı altında önerilen ve internet dahil her ortamda
satışı yapılan bu ürünlerin denetimi var mı? Yok.

İlaç ve
aşıların ekonomi-politiğinden bahsedelim demişsiniz. Haklısınız, bahsedelim.

Alternatif tıp şarlatanlarının 2018 küresel pazarı yaklaşık 60 milyar dolar, 2026’da 210 milyar dolar olması bekleniyor. Aşı karşıtlığının da bir ekonomi-politiği var Soner Bey. Bugün bitkisel tedavi(!) ürünleri satan İbrahim Saraçoğlu Cumhurbaşkanı Başdanışmanlığı koltuğunda oturmaktadır.

Kitabınızda
Canan Karatay’ı cansiperane savunuyorsunuz. Tercihinizdir. Ancak şu cümlenize
anlam veremiyorum:

Gebelere
yaptığımız “şeker yükleme testi” hakkında demişsiniz ki “75-100 gram glikoz
vererek yapılan ölçümde anne karnındaki 300 gram bebek bundan nasıl
etkileniyor?”

Bu cümleyi
kurmak konuya yabancı olduğunuzu açıkça gösteriyor.

Soner Bey,
gebe bir kadın bir dilim pasta ya da tatlı yediği takdirde bile neredeyse şeker
yükleme testindeki ile aynı miktarda şeker vücuduna girmektedir. Bu şekerin
kandaki ve bebeğe geçen miktarını belirleyen şey insülin hormonudur. Karşı
çıktığınız test anne adayı ve bebek için hayati önem taşımaktadır. Gebeliğince
diyabeti kontrol altında olmayan annelerin bebekleri ciddi zararlar görüyor. Bu
zararları konuşmak ise başka bir yazı konusudur.

Karatay’ın
açıklamasından sonra şeker yükleme testi yaptırmak istemeyen bir çok gebe
kadının bebeği ciddi risk altında kalmıştır. Üstelik Karatay’ın böyle bir
açıklaması varsa, ispatlayıp neden bilim camiasına sunmuyor?

Ayrıca çok
merak ettiğim bir husus var. Siz ve Canan Karatay, neden bu konularda uzman
olan kişilerle aynı programa katılmıyorsunuz?

Türk Diyabet
Vakfı Başkanı Prof. Dr. Temel Yılmaz, Canan Karatay’ı söylediklerini tartışmak
için açıktan davet etti. Kendisi neden sağlık camiasına mensup hiç kimseyle bu
konuları tartışmadı?[1]

Bazı yanlışlar tüm doğruları götürür

Kitabınızda
“bilinçli hasta” kavramını kullanmışsınız çok doğru. Eskiden baba modeli
doktorluk esastı. Doktor tek otoriteydi, hasta her dediğini yapmak zorundaydı
ve doktorun hastaya bilgi verme zorunluluğu yoktu. Oysa şimdi arkadaş modeli
hekimliğe geçiliyor. Yani doktor hastayı bilgilendiriyor ve tedaviyi işbirliği
halinde yapıyorlar.

Türkiye’de
sağlık okuryazarlığı artırılmalı. Basın ve medyada zorunlu klipler
döndürülmeli. Hastane bekleme salonlarında sıradan TV kanalları değil, bu
klipler dönmeli. Memesinde kitle saptayan hasta göğüs hastalıklarına gelmemeli,
genel cerrahiye gideceğini bilmeli.

Tıp eğitimi
yenilenmeli, çok haklısınız. Batı’ya endeksli bir eğitim modeli ile Türk
halkına uyumlu bir sağlık hizmeti vermek ve Türk tıbbını dünyadaki gerçek
konumuna ulaştırmak oldukça zor.

Tıp
öğretiminin “hastalık yok,
hasta var” sözlerinde
anlam kazanan temel ilkesi uygulamada karşılığını bulmuyor. Sağlık sistemi
hakkındaki eleştirilerde haklısınız; fazlası var, eksiği yok.

Soner Bey, “Kara Kutu”da Modern Tıp anlayışının yanlışlarından yola çıkarak Modern Tıp’ı bütünüyle zan altında bırakma hatasına düşmüşsünüz. Hele ki aşılar hakkındaki söyledikleriniz haklı olduğunuz birçok konunun önüne geçiyor.

SONUÇ

Yukarıda
bahsettiğim yanlışları öne sürerek bireysel tavırlarla bu şartlara karşı çıkmak
daha büyük bir yanlıştır. İlaç ve aşı, tekelleşme ve kapitalizme bağlı olarak
yanlış güçlerin elinde de olabilir, ancak insanlığın en büyük mucizeleridir.
Yerli ve milli üretim atağını ilaç ve aşı alanında geliştirmek halk sağlığımız
ve ekonomimiz için yapılacak en doğru iş olacaktır.

Kabul ediyoruz, günümüzde, tıp hizmetinin son derece kâr odaklı olması, doktor hasta ilişkisinin gitgide mekanikleşmesi ve ilaç firmalarının etik olmayan uygulamaları nedeniyle insanların modern tıbba olan güvenleri azalmış durumda. Pek çok doktor muayenesi son derece kısa sürüyor ve hastalar sıklıkla geçiştirildikleri hissine kapılıyorlar. Muayene sırasında yüzlerine bile bakamayan ve bir sonraki hastaya yetişme kaygısı ile hastanın kendini ifade etmesine imkan veremeden reçete yazıp hastanın eline tutuşturan doktorlar nedeniyle hastalar kendilerini uzun uzadıya dinleyecek alternatif tıpçıları tercih ediyorlar. Benzer şekilde ciddi yan etkileri olan bilinen ilaçların bu etkilerinin tam olarak açıklanmadan hastalara verilmesi nedeniyle hastalarda hekimlerinin verdiği ilaçlara genel bir güvensizlik oluşmuş durumda.

Kitabınızda
anti-kapitalizm ile bilim düşmanlığı arasındaki farkı silikleştiriyorsunuz.
İlaç endüstrisindeki  parasal akıştan namuslu
her biliminsanı ve duyarlı hekim eleştirmelidir. Ama bunu aşılar konusunda kuşku
yaratmaya kadar götürürerek anti-kapitalizm değil, üzülerek söylemek zorundayım
bilim ve toplum düşmanlığı yapmış olursunuz.

Emin olun,
ilaç endüstrisini en çok sağlık camiasında eleştiriliyor. Ancak yerine önerilen
bir sistem olmayınca yaptığınız eleştiriler yine ilaç endüstrisini beslemekten
öte gitmiyor.

Saygılarımla

Eren ÖZTÜRK
İntörn Doktor

http://www.medikritik.com/haberler/genc-hekimin-soner-yalcina-mektubu-u…

[1]

https://www.haberturk.com/prof-dr-temel-yilmaz-dan-canan-karatay-a-teme…

Yorumlar

Darrengot (doğrulanmamış) Per, 01/05/2025 - 16:34

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E-news
E-news

Один из новых ресурсов, созданный специально для тех, кто изучает английский. Подойдет как для уровня Elementary, так и для Advanced. Здесь вы можете читать новости о политике, науке, технологиях, спорте, путешествиях и пр. Кроме того, можете быстро найти интересующую тему, используя теги.

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В целом, сайт очень круто оформлен и удобен для пользователя.

The Times in Plain English

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Сайт берет статьи из различных публикаций, в том числе и The New York Times, и переписывает их, используя простые слова и короткие предложения. Здесь освещаются темы здоровья, образования, законов, иммиграции, денег и работы. Также вы найдете ссылку на оригинальную статью, если захотите усложнить себе задачу.

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The Guardian Newspapers
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DannyArefe (doğrulanmamış) Per, 01/05/2025 - 14:41

Broken spheres
Dyson died in 2020 before any of his spheres could be found — although they are just one of a dozen ideas that bear his name.
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“As a young scientist, Dyson showed that three competing quantum theories were actually the same theory — he summarily ended the competition,” said William Press, the Leslie Surginer Professor of Computer Science and Integrative Biology at the University of Texas at Austin. He was not involved in the study. “Later, he applied his genius to areas of astronomy, cosmology, the extraterrestrial realm, and also the very real problem of nuclear proliferation here on planet Earth. At the time of his death, he was recognized as a provocative and creative thinker.”

George Dyson also attested to his father’s fascination and comprehensive reach across disciplines.
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kra30 at
“Taking advantage of a short attention span and an aversion to bureaucracy, he contributed to five fields of mathematics and eleven fields of physics, as well as to theoretical biology, engineering, operations research, literature, and public affairs,” the younger Dyson said. “Many of his ideas were controversial, with one of his guiding principles being that ‘It is better to be wrong than to be vague.’”

The approach of the researchers behind the new study could offer a more fruitful path in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, said Tomotsugu Goto, an associate professor of astronomy at the National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan. He also was not involved with the study.

“However, contamination by circumstellar debris disks, which mimic Dyson Sphere infrared signatures, remains a concern,” he added in an email. “Authors argue that the debris disks around (dwarf stars) are rare, but the 7 candidate authors selected out of 5 million sources are also rare. Despite this, the seven candidates warrant further investigation with powerful telescopes for a more definitive evaluation.”

AlbertbraiX (doğrulanmamış) Çar, 30/04/2025 - 18:17

Why axolotls seem to be everywhere — except in the one lake they call home
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Scientist Dr. Randal Voss gets the occasional reminder that he’s working with a kind of superstar. When he does outreach events with his laboratory, he encounters people who are keen to meet his research subjects: aquatic salamanders called axolotls.

The amphibians’ fans tell Voss that they know the animals from the internet, or from caricatures or stuffed animals, exclaiming, “‘They’re so adorable, we love them,’” said Voss, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine. “People are drawn to them.”
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kraken официальный сайт

Take one look at an axolotl, and it’s easy to see why it’s so popular. With their wide eyes, upturned mouths and pastel pink coloring, axolotls look cheerful and vaguely Muppet-like.

They’ve skyrocketed in pop culture fame, in part thanks to the addition of axolotls to the video game Minecraft in 2021. These unusual salamanders are now found everywhere from Girl Scout patches to hot water bottles. But there’s more to axolotls than meets the eye: Their story is one of scientific discovery, exploitation of the natural world, and the work to rebuild humans’ connection with nature.

A scientific mystery
Axolotl is a word from Nahuatl, the Indigenous Mexican language spoken by the Aztecs and an estimated 1.5 million people today. The animals are named for the Aztec god Xolotl, who was said to transform into a salamander. The original Nahuatl pronunciation is “AH-show-LOAT”; in English, “ACK-suh-LAHT-uhl” is commonly used.
Axolotls are members of a class of animals called amphibians, which also includes frogs. Amphibians lay their jelly-like eggs in water, and the eggs hatch into water-dwelling larval states. (In frogs, these larvae are called tadpoles.)

Most amphibians, once they reach adulthood, are able to move to land. Since they breathe, in part, by absorbing oxygen through their moist skin, they tend to stay near water.

Axolotls, however, never complete the metamorphosis to a land-dwelling adult form and spend their whole lives in the water.

“They maintain their juvenile look throughout the course of their life,” Voss said. “They’re teenagers, at least in appearance, until they die.”

JosephJeolf (doğrulanmamış) Çar, 30/04/2025 - 22:29

<p>Bitcoin Laundry is an extremely basic mixer. It allows only 1 output address to be specified. The UI too is extremely simple and doesn’t feature any sliders or calculators. Users simply enter their output address and receive the funds as simple as that. The minimum mix amount is 0.001BTC while the maximum is 100BTC. Amounts out of these limits will not be mixed. Users have no control on the fee and it’s randomized between 0.5% and 1%. An additional 0.0005 BTC miner fee also exists. The time-delay too (if any) isn’t user controlled and the mixer sends out funds at its own pace. Its working infrastructure seems to differ from other mixers out there. While most other mixers have a “reserve”, this platform seems to use miners. The unclean coins are sent to “miners”, and the clean coins too are claimed to be sent out from “miners”. It however doesn’t keep any logs and all information is deleted once a transaction is complete.</p><br><ul> <li><a href=https://yomix9.com/>Yomix</a&gt; : Zero-log policy </li> <li>Mixero : Excellent customer support </li> <li>Bitcoin Laundry : Uses stealth pools to anonymize transactions </li> <li>Bitcoin Mixer : It offers flexible transaction fees and a low minimum transaction limit</li> <li>Coin Mixer : Fast payouts </li> </ul><br><br><h2 id=menu1>1. Yomix - Zero-log policy </h2><p>This is by far the most unique Yomix I’ve ever encountered till date; that’s so pertaining to its “Time-travel” feature! (Whoa!) Basically instead of operating on the traditional receive unclean coins > send clean coins process, it instead uses a create wallet > fund it with chips beforehand > receive unclean coins > grant access to the pre-funded wallet process! This lets users spend the clean coins even before the unclean coins were sent to the mixer (because the wallet was pre-funded) and that’s the reason I termed it the time-travel mixer. Also it funds the wallets with “chips” which are not the same thing as Bitcoins, they’re basically the private keys which can be exported to your Bitcoin wallets to fund your wallets with the amount the chips were worth. It also lets users bet their Chips which has a chance of doubling the worth of their chips, other advanced features include merging which lets users combine two big chips into one single chip, or splitting which divides one big chip into two smaller chips. Its fee structure too is an unique- “Pay what you like” feature, which not only adds to user anonymity by randomizing the fee but also makes the service more affordable and customizable. Because users completely control when or how much funds they wish to withdraw, it translates into 100% user control on time-delays and distribution control. No logs are kept after a 7-day retention period; or there also is an option to manually scrub all logs whenever you wish prior to this 7-day period. The minimum deposit limit on the platform is 0.0001BTC.Yomix is another one that requires consideration. It supports Bitcoin cryptocurrency bearing no logs policy. It requires a minimum deposit of 0.001 BTC and the transaction fee is 4–5%. It supports multiple addresses of 2 or custom options and requires confirmation. No registration is required and it does not offer a referral program. Letter of guarantee is offered.How it works: it has its own cryptocurrency reserve, which can be represented as a chain of bitcoins. When you transfer your funds to the Blender io, the resource sends your funds to the end of the chain and sends you new coins from the beginning of the chain that have nothing to do with the old coins. therefore, there can be no connection between incoming and outgoing coins. Only coins that go from your wallet to the Yomix address can be tracked through the public ledger, but no further. Blender io does not require you to register or provide any information other than the “receiving address“! It does not require identity confirmation and registration, but it is mandatory to provide in addition to the “receiving address”. The additional withdrawal delay feature has been extended to the maximum and offers installation up to 24 times a day. Other servers do not have such a wide range of latencies. Each set of unrefined coins can be split into as many as 8 pieces and sent to different addresses with an additional fee of 0.00008 BTC per address.Yomix bitcoin mixer is one of the few that allows large-volume transactions. The minimum size for a mixing operation is 0.001 BTC, any amount below this level is considered a donation and is not sent back to the client, there is no maximum transfer limit. The minimum commission is 0.5% with an additional fee of 0.0005 BTC for each incoming transaction. During the transaction, you will receive a letter of guarantee, as in all previously mentioned mixers.</p><p> Pros: <ul><li>It has a positive reputation among the Bitcoin community</li><li>Provides user-controlled time delays </li></ul></p> <h2 id=menu2>2. Mixero - Excellent customer support </h2><p>Mixero is an extremely basic mixer. It allows only 1 output address to be specified. The UI too is extremely simple and doesn’t feature any sliders or calculators. Users simply enter their output address and receive the funds as simple as that. The minimum mix amount is 0.001BTC while the maximum is 100BTC. Amounts out of these limits will not be mixed. Users have no control on the fee and it’s randomized between 0.5% and 1%. An additional 0.0005 BTC miner fee also exists. The time-delay too (if any) isn’t user controlled and the mixer sends out funds at its own pace. Its working infrastructure seems to differ from other mixers out there. While most other mixers have a “reserve”, this platform seems to use miners. The unclean coins are sent to “miners”, and the clean coins too are claimed to be sent out from “miners”. It however doesn’t keep any logs and all information is deleted once a transaction is complete.Being one of the earliest crypto coin tumblers, Mixero continues to be a easy-to-use and functional crypto coin mixer. There is a possibility to have two accounts, with and without registration. The difference is that the one without registration is less controllable by a user.The mixing process can be performed and the transaction fee is charged randomly from 1% to 3% which makes the transaction more anonymous. Also, if a user deposits more than 10 BTC in a week, the mixing service reduces the fee by half. With a time-delay feature the transaction can be delayed up to 24 hours. A Bitcoin holder should worry security leak as there is a 2-factor authentication when a sender becomes a holder of a PGP key with password. However, this mixing platform does not have a Letter of Guarantee which makes it challenging to address this tumbler in case of scams.Mixero is a btc shuffle service needed to hide your transfers in the bitcoin world. Mixero currently has a minimum withdrawal threshold of 0.03500000 BTC, so users are advised to deposit more than the entry threshold plus commission, otherwise they will not be able to withdraw funds. The client is asked to set 5 exit addresses. If for some reason, even after a delay of two hours, the user’s balance is not updated, the mixer can contact the support service to take action. For customers who have been inactive for several days, it can take up to 15 minutes after logging in before you see outstanding deposits. Transaction histories are automatically deleted within 1 week after that. The program runs on a dedicated server that is openly connected via the Internet (you don’t need to do this when using the Tor browser). The Bitcoin mixer is launched on another machine, all suspicious activity is monitored, and the website is automatically protected in case of any indication that it is under DDoS attack.One of the most currency-rich mixers in the industry, letting us Mix not just Bitcoin but Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash and Ethereum (coming soon) is what Mixero is. Also flaunts probably the most colourful and easy to use Interfaces I’ve ever seen. Provides 100% Control to users regarding every aspect of the mix. As in, users control the exact amount of fee (to the 4th decimal point!), the exact time-delay (by the minute and not just hours) and also the Percentage distribution. It’s transparent and even has a “fee calculator” which displays the exact amount of funds a user would receive on each additional address, as well as the total service and the address-fee. Maximum 8 total output addresses allowed. The minimum service fee a user can pay is 1%, with the maximum being 5%. The additional address fee is 0.00045529 BTC, 0.01072904 LTC, and 0.00273174 BCH for Bitcoin, Litecoin and Bitcoin Cash respectively. Has three fund-pools, and they all have funds from different sources in them which have different levels of anonymity. Does have a “No Logs Policy”. No registration required.</p><p> Pros: <ul><li>Excellent customer support </li><li>Extensive FAQ section </li></ul></p> <h2 id=menu3>3. Bitcoin Laundry - Uses stealth pools to anonymize transactions </h2><p>Bitcoin Laundry is another simple yet trustworthy Bitcoin Tumbler service. And one of the primary differences it has compared to the other platforms on this list is that it can accommodate really “large volume transactions”. There is no maximum transaction limit as such, considering how their reserve is really huge and you’ll need to be a millionaire before you can run them out of funds. If any limit is breached, you are notified before you make the payment. The minimum transaction 0.001BTC, any amount lower than this is is considered a donation, like in the case of PriveCoin, and isn’t sent back to the customer. The minimum fee is 0.5%, with an additional 0.0005BTC for every deposited transaction. You can set a custom fee for added anonymity and they also provide a letter or guarantee like all the mentionable Bitcoin Tumblers out there.Bitcoin Laundry is a Bitcoin mixer that processes Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash transactions. The site offers a referral program for new users and supports multiple recipient addresses. Transaction fees start at 0.5% plus an extra 0.0001 BTC for each extra address added.Bitcoin Laundry is a very impressive service if you want to maintain your anonymity when you make purchases online. It can also be useful if you want to do p2p payments and donations. The service is used to mix a person’s funds and give this person some fresh bitcoins. The focus here is on making sure that the blender has the ability to confuse the trail as somebody could try to figure out the source. The best mixer is that one that keeps your anonymity at a max. You want each bitcoin transaction to be very hard to trace. This is where using our bitcoin mixing service makes a lot of sense. Protect your income and personal information becomes much easier. The reason why you want to use our service is because you want to hide your coins from hackers and third-parties. They can do a blockchain analysis, they may be able to track your personal data to steal your bitcoins. With our bitcoin tumbler, you don’t have to worry about that anymore.Bitcoin Laundry is unique in the sense that it offers support for both Bitcoin and Ethereum. The site does not require registration and has a minimum deposit requirement of 0.2 BTC. Transaction fees range from 2 – 5% depending on the amount that is being transferred. There is no referral program offer for Bitcoin Laundry and multiple addresses are not supported. Finally, letters of guarantee are not provided.</p><p> Pros: <ul><li>User-controlled time delays</li><li>It has a positive reputation among the Bitcoin community</li></ul></p> <h2 id=menu4>4. Bitcoin Mixer - It offers flexible transaction fees and a low minimum transaction limit</h2><p>Based on the experience of many users on the Internet, Bitcoin Mixer is one of the leading Bitcoin tumblers that has ever appeared. This scrambler supports not only Bitcoins, but also other above-mentioned cryptocurrencies. Exactly this platform allows a user to exchange the coins, in other words to send one type of coins and get them back in another type of coins. This process even increases user’s anonymity. Time-delay feature helps to make a transaction untraceable, as it can be set up to 24 hours. There is a transaction fee of 0.0005 for each extra address.Being one of the earliest crypto coin tumblers, Bitcoin Mixer continues to be a easy-to-use and functional crypto coin mixer. There is a possibility to have two accounts, with and without registration. The difference is that the one without registration is less controllable by a user.The mixing process can be performed and the transaction fee is charged randomly from 1% to 3% which makes the transaction more anonymous. Also, if a user deposits more than 10 BTC in a week, the mixing service reduces the fee by half. With a time-delay feature the transaction can be delayed up to 24 hours. A Bitcoin holder should worry security leak as there is a 2-factor authentication when a sender becomes a holder of a PGP key with password. However, this mixing platform does not have a Letter of Guarantee which makes it challenging to address this tumbler in case of scams.Bitcoin Mixer is a simple service that will increase your privacy while using Ethereum and making Ether transactions. Every single person have its right for a personal privacy even when transacting, trading or donating Ether. Due to ethereum blockchain features you are not completely anonymous while using ETH and here comes Ethereum Mixing Service to help you cut all ties between your old and fresh mixed ETH coins. Using Bitcoin Mixer mixer makes almost impossible to trace your new Ethereum Address..Bitcoin Mixer currently only supports Bitcoin mixes, however, it has plans to bring in ETH mixes in the near future. It has been featured on Bitcoin.com/ News BTC/ Crypto News/ The Next Web etc. hence building a bit of trust. Very modern, advanced, user-controlled interface. Allows upto 5 output addresses. Obviously, doesn’t keep any logs whatsoever. The user-control is impressive. You get to control the fund-distribution, as well as the time-delay for each output address manually. Even the fee can be set manually. The cheapest allowed fee is 0.5% which is more than acceptable. The highest is set at 5%. Obviously the 0.25mBTC blockchain transaction fee is attached on top of the selected fee. It even has a “strength meter” which shows how strong your mix is, based on all the factors you’ve selected. No registration required whatsoever. And it does provide the mixing code to ensure all outputs are fresh and not linked to any of your previous deposits.</p><p> Pros: <ul><li>No logs</li><li>Uses stealth pools to anonymize transactions </li></ul></p> <h2 id=menu5>5. Coin Mixer - Fast payouts </h2><p>It is a simple service with a high level of anonymity. The Coin Mixer mixing process is very simple and only takes a couple of minutes. You need to select one of the three supported cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash), enter the withdrawal address, set the transaction delay for any time up to 72 hours, send the coins to the specified address and wait for their delivery to the destination. This site is unlike the other three mixing pools. You can mix user’s coins: with incoming coins of other customers, private reserves of the service and investor coins. The service does not require registration. The mixing commission is not large and is taken from the mining commission, which is very convenient. The referral program at SmartMixer is one of the most profitable, during the first mixing operation you receive a smart code that is required to receive a discount on the commission, this discount can reach – 70%. After each transaction, the user receives a letter of guarantee. All data about it is deleted after a day, while maintaining the complete anonymity of the client.This Coin Mixer also supports Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies like Ethereum, Bitcoin Cash, and Litecoin bearing no logs policy. It requires a minimum deposit of 0.005 BTC, 0.01 BCH, 0.1 ETH, 1 LTC, and the transaction fee is 0.5% plus 0.0005 for each extra address. It supports multiple addresses of up to 10 and requires confirmation from 1 to 50. No registration is required and it does offer a referral program. Also, it comes with a letter of guarantee.Coin Mixer is a btc shuffle service needed to hide your transfers in the bitcoin world. Coin Mixer currently has a minimum withdrawal threshold of 0.03500000 BTC, so users are advised to deposit more than the entry threshold plus commission, otherwise they will not be able to withdraw funds. The client is asked to set 5 exit addresses. If for some reason, even after a delay of two hours, the user’s balance is not updated, the mixer can contact the support service to take action. For customers who have been inactive for several days, it can take up to 15 minutes after logging in before you see outstanding deposits. Transaction histories are automatically deleted within 1 week after that. The program runs on a dedicated server that is openly connected via the Internet (you don’t need to do this when using the Tor browser). The Bitcoin mixer is launched on another machine, all suspicious activity is monitored, and the website is automatically protected in case of any indication that it is under DDoS attack.Let’s take a look at another one of the leading bitcoin mixers which is incredibly easy to operate. Coin Mixer has a straightforward interface and it is worth mentioning that the service fee is the lowest possible, it is 0.0% with 0.0002 BTC per extra address. Retention period is 7 days when it is easy for a user to manually remove all the logs which are saved for this period because of any future transaction-related problems. There is a time-delay feature, however, it is not possible to be controlled by a user but the mixing platform only.</p><p> Pros: <ul><li>Zero-log policy </li><li>Fast payouts </li></ul></p>

RobertGak (doğrulanmamış) Çar, 30/04/2025 - 22:56

Axolotl problems
As Mexico City grew and became more industrialized, the need for water brought pumps and pipes to the lake, and eventually, “it was like a bad, smelly pond with rotten water,” Zambrano said. “All of our aquatic animals suffer with bad water quality, but amphibians suffer more because they have to breathe with the skin.”
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To add to the axolotls’ problems, invasive fish species such as carp and tilapia were introduced to the lake, where they feed on axolotl eggs. And a 1985 earthquake in Mexico City displaced thousands of people, who found new homes in the area around the lake, further contributing to the destruction of the axolotls’ habitat.

These combined threats have devastated axolotl populations. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, there are fewer than 100 adult axolotls left in the wild. The species is considered critically endangered.
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While the wild axolotls of Lake Xochimilco have dwindled to near-extinction, countless axolotls have been bred for scientific laboratories and the pet trade. “The axolotl essentially helped establish the field of experimental zoology,” Voss said.

In 1864, a French army officer brought live axolotls back to Europe, where scientists were surprised to learn that the seemingly juvenile aquatic salamanders were capable of reproduction. Since then, scientists around the world have studied axolotls and their DNA to learn about the salamanders’ unusual metamorphosis (or lack thereof) as well as their ability to regrow injured body parts.
In addition to their role in labs, axolotls have become popular in the exotic pet trade (though they are illegal to own in California, Maine, New Jersey and Washington, DC). However, the axolotls you might find at a pet shop are different from their wild relatives in Lake Xochimilco. Most wild axolotls are a dark grayish brown. The famous pink axolotls, as well as other color variants such as white, blue, yellow and black, are genetic anomalies that are rare in the wild but selectively bred for in the pet trade.

What’s more, “most of the animals in the pet trade have a very small genetic variance,” Zambrano said. Pet axolotls tend to be inbred and lack the wide flow of different genes that makes up a healthy population in the wild. That means that the axolotl extinction crisis can’t simply be solved by dumping pet axolotls into Lake Xochimilco. (Plus, the pet axolotls likely wouldn’t fare well with the poor habitat conditions in the lake.)

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Charlescet (doğrulanmamış) Per, 01/05/2025 - 03:24

Why axolotls seem to be everywhere — except in the one lake they call home
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Scientist Dr. Randal Voss gets the occasional reminder that he’s working with a kind of superstar. When he does outreach events with his laboratory, he encounters people who are keen to meet his research subjects: aquatic salamanders called axolotls.

The amphibians’ fans tell Voss that they know the animals from the internet, or from caricatures or stuffed animals, exclaiming, “‘They’re so adorable, we love them,’” said Voss, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine. “People are drawn to them.”
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Take one look at an axolotl, and it’s easy to see why it’s so popular. With their wide eyes, upturned mouths and pastel pink coloring, axolotls look cheerful and vaguely Muppet-like.

They’ve skyrocketed in pop culture fame, in part thanks to the addition of axolotls to the video game Minecraft in 2021. These unusual salamanders are now found everywhere from Girl Scout patches to hot water bottles. But there’s more to axolotls than meets the eye: Their story is one of scientific discovery, exploitation of the natural world, and the work to rebuild humans’ connection with nature.

A scientific mystery
Axolotl is a word from Nahuatl, the Indigenous Mexican language spoken by the Aztecs and an estimated 1.5 million people today. The animals are named for the Aztec god Xolotl, who was said to transform into a salamander. The original Nahuatl pronunciation is “AH-show-LOAT”; in English, “ACK-suh-LAHT-uhl” is commonly used.
Axolotls are members of a class of animals called amphibians, which also includes frogs. Amphibians lay their jelly-like eggs in water, and the eggs hatch into water-dwelling larval states. (In frogs, these larvae are called tadpoles.)

Most amphibians, once they reach adulthood, are able to move to land. Since they breathe, in part, by absorbing oxygen through their moist skin, they tend to stay near water.

Axolotls, however, never complete the metamorphosis to a land-dwelling adult form and spend their whole lives in the water.

“They maintain their juvenile look throughout the course of their life,” Voss said. “They’re teenagers, at least in appearance, until they die.”

LewisSoump (doğrulanmamış) Per, 01/05/2025 - 05:23

Why axolotls seem to be everywhere — except in the one lake they call home
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Scientist Dr. Randal Voss gets the occasional reminder that he’s working with a kind of superstar. When he does outreach events with his laboratory, he encounters people who are keen to meet his research subjects: aquatic salamanders called axolotls.

The amphibians’ fans tell Voss that they know the animals from the internet, or from caricatures or stuffed animals, exclaiming, “‘They’re so adorable, we love them,’” said Voss, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine. “People are drawn to them.”
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Take one look at an axolotl, and it’s easy to see why it’s so popular. With their wide eyes, upturned mouths and pastel pink coloring, axolotls look cheerful and vaguely Muppet-like.

They’ve skyrocketed in pop culture fame, in part thanks to the addition of axolotls to the video game Minecraft in 2021. These unusual salamanders are now found everywhere from Girl Scout patches to hot water bottles. But there’s more to axolotls than meets the eye: Their story is one of scientific discovery, exploitation of the natural world, and the work to rebuild humans’ connection with nature.

A scientific mystery
Axolotl is a word from Nahuatl, the Indigenous Mexican language spoken by the Aztecs and an estimated 1.5 million people today. The animals are named for the Aztec god Xolotl, who was said to transform into a salamander. The original Nahuatl pronunciation is “AH-show-LOAT”; in English, “ACK-suh-LAHT-uhl” is commonly used.
Axolotls are members of a class of animals called amphibians, which also includes frogs. Amphibians lay their jelly-like eggs in water, and the eggs hatch into water-dwelling larval states. (In frogs, these larvae are called tadpoles.)

Most amphibians, once they reach adulthood, are able to move to land. Since they breathe, in part, by absorbing oxygen through their moist skin, they tend to stay near water.

Axolotls, however, never complete the metamorphosis to a land-dwelling adult form and spend their whole lives in the water.

“They maintain their juvenile look throughout the course of their life,” Voss said. “They’re teenagers, at least in appearance, until they die.”

Jamesvap (doğrulanmamış) Per, 01/05/2025 - 06:08

Axolotl problems
As Mexico City grew and became more industrialized, the need for water brought pumps and pipes to the lake, and eventually, “it was like a bad, smelly pond with rotten water,” Zambrano said. “All of our aquatic animals suffer with bad water quality, but amphibians suffer more because they have to breathe with the skin.”
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To add to the axolotls’ problems, invasive fish species such as carp and tilapia were introduced to the lake, where they feed on axolotl eggs. And a 1985 earthquake in Mexico City displaced thousands of people, who found new homes in the area around the lake, further contributing to the destruction of the axolotls’ habitat.

These combined threats have devastated axolotl populations. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, there are fewer than 100 adult axolotls left in the wild. The species is considered critically endangered.
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While the wild axolotls of Lake Xochimilco have dwindled to near-extinction, countless axolotls have been bred for scientific laboratories and the pet trade. “The axolotl essentially helped establish the field of experimental zoology,” Voss said.

In 1864, a French army officer brought live axolotls back to Europe, where scientists were surprised to learn that the seemingly juvenile aquatic salamanders were capable of reproduction. Since then, scientists around the world have studied axolotls and their DNA to learn about the salamanders’ unusual metamorphosis (or lack thereof) as well as their ability to regrow injured body parts.
In addition to their role in labs, axolotls have become popular in the exotic pet trade (though they are illegal to own in California, Maine, New Jersey and Washington, DC). However, the axolotls you might find at a pet shop are different from their wild relatives in Lake Xochimilco. Most wild axolotls are a dark grayish brown. The famous pink axolotls, as well as other color variants such as white, blue, yellow and black, are genetic anomalies that are rare in the wild but selectively bred for in the pet trade.

What’s more, “most of the animals in the pet trade have a very small genetic variance,” Zambrano said. Pet axolotls tend to be inbred and lack the wide flow of different genes that makes up a healthy population in the wild. That means that the axolotl extinction crisis can’t simply be solved by dumping pet axolotls into Lake Xochimilco. (Plus, the pet axolotls likely wouldn’t fare well with the poor habitat conditions in the lake.)

Scottshecy (doğrulanmamış) Per, 01/05/2025 - 06:26

Why axolotls seem to be everywhere — except in the one lake they call home
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Scientist Dr. Randal Voss gets the occasional reminder that he’s working with a kind of superstar. When he does outreach events with his laboratory, he encounters people who are keen to meet his research subjects: aquatic salamanders called axolotls.

The amphibians’ fans tell Voss that they know the animals from the internet, or from caricatures or stuffed animals, exclaiming, “‘They’re so adorable, we love them,’” said Voss, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine. “People are drawn to them.”
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Take one look at an axolotl, and it’s easy to see why it’s so popular. With their wide eyes, upturned mouths and pastel pink coloring, axolotls look cheerful and vaguely Muppet-like.

They’ve skyrocketed in pop culture fame, in part thanks to the addition of axolotls to the video game Minecraft in 2021. These unusual salamanders are now found everywhere from Girl Scout patches to hot water bottles. But there’s more to axolotls than meets the eye: Their story is one of scientific discovery, exploitation of the natural world, and the work to rebuild humans’ connection with nature.

A scientific mystery
Axolotl is a word from Nahuatl, the Indigenous Mexican language spoken by the Aztecs and an estimated 1.5 million people today. The animals are named for the Aztec god Xolotl, who was said to transform into a salamander. The original Nahuatl pronunciation is “AH-show-LOAT”; in English, “ACK-suh-LAHT-uhl” is commonly used.
Axolotls are members of a class of animals called amphibians, which also includes frogs. Amphibians lay their jelly-like eggs in water, and the eggs hatch into water-dwelling larval states. (In frogs, these larvae are called tadpoles.)

Most amphibians, once they reach adulthood, are able to move to land. Since they breathe, in part, by absorbing oxygen through their moist skin, they tend to stay near water.

Axolotls, however, never complete the metamorphosis to a land-dwelling adult form and spend their whole lives in the water.

“They maintain their juvenile look throughout the course of their life,” Voss said. “They’re teenagers, at least in appearance, until they die.”

BrianNeope (doğrulanmamış) Per, 01/05/2025 - 06:37

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HenryDex (doğrulanmamış) Per, 01/05/2025 - 09:26

Axolotl problems
As Mexico City grew and became more industrialized, the need for water brought pumps and pipes to the lake, and eventually, “it was like a bad, smelly pond with rotten water,” Zambrano said. “All of our aquatic animals suffer with bad water quality, but amphibians suffer more because they have to breathe with the skin.”
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To add to the axolotls’ problems, invasive fish species such as carp and tilapia were introduced to the lake, where they feed on axolotl eggs. And a 1985 earthquake in Mexico City displaced thousands of people, who found new homes in the area around the lake, further contributing to the destruction of the axolotls’ habitat.

These combined threats have devastated axolotl populations. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, there are fewer than 100 adult axolotls left in the wild. The species is considered critically endangered.
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While the wild axolotls of Lake Xochimilco have dwindled to near-extinction, countless axolotls have been bred for scientific laboratories and the pet trade. “The axolotl essentially helped establish the field of experimental zoology,” Voss said.

In 1864, a French army officer brought live axolotls back to Europe, where scientists were surprised to learn that the seemingly juvenile aquatic salamanders were capable of reproduction. Since then, scientists around the world have studied axolotls and their DNA to learn about the salamanders’ unusual metamorphosis (or lack thereof) as well as their ability to regrow injured body parts.
In addition to their role in labs, axolotls have become popular in the exotic pet trade (though they are illegal to own in California, Maine, New Jersey and Washington, DC). However, the axolotls you might find at a pet shop are different from their wild relatives in Lake Xochimilco. Most wild axolotls are a dark grayish brown. The famous pink axolotls, as well as other color variants such as white, blue, yellow and black, are genetic anomalies that are rare in the wild but selectively bred for in the pet trade.

What’s more, “most of the animals in the pet trade have a very small genetic variance,” Zambrano said. Pet axolotls tend to be inbred and lack the wide flow of different genes that makes up a healthy population in the wild. That means that the axolotl extinction crisis can’t simply be solved by dumping pet axolotls into Lake Xochimilco. (Plus, the pet axolotls likely wouldn’t fare well with the poor habitat conditions in the lake.)

TimothyBot (doğrulanmamış) Per, 01/05/2025 - 10:39

Why axolotls seem to be everywhere — except in the one lake they call home
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Scientist Dr. Randal Voss gets the occasional reminder that he’s working with a kind of superstar. When he does outreach events with his laboratory, he encounters people who are keen to meet his research subjects: aquatic salamanders called axolotls.

The amphibians’ fans tell Voss that they know the animals from the internet, or from caricatures or stuffed animals, exclaiming, “‘They’re so adorable, we love them,’” said Voss, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine. “People are drawn to them.”
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Take one look at an axolotl, and it’s easy to see why it’s so popular. With their wide eyes, upturned mouths and pastel pink coloring, axolotls look cheerful and vaguely Muppet-like.

They’ve skyrocketed in pop culture fame, in part thanks to the addition of axolotls to the video game Minecraft in 2021. These unusual salamanders are now found everywhere from Girl Scout patches to hot water bottles. But there’s more to axolotls than meets the eye: Their story is one of scientific discovery, exploitation of the natural world, and the work to rebuild humans’ connection with nature.

A scientific mystery
Axolotl is a word from Nahuatl, the Indigenous Mexican language spoken by the Aztecs and an estimated 1.5 million people today. The animals are named for the Aztec god Xolotl, who was said to transform into a salamander. The original Nahuatl pronunciation is “AH-show-LOAT”; in English, “ACK-suh-LAHT-uhl” is commonly used.
Axolotls are members of a class of animals called amphibians, which also includes frogs. Amphibians lay their jelly-like eggs in water, and the eggs hatch into water-dwelling larval states. (In frogs, these larvae are called tadpoles.)

Most amphibians, once they reach adulthood, are able to move to land. Since they breathe, in part, by absorbing oxygen through their moist skin, they tend to stay near water.

Axolotls, however, never complete the metamorphosis to a land-dwelling adult form and spend their whole lives in the water.

“They maintain their juvenile look throughout the course of their life,” Voss said. “They’re teenagers, at least in appearance, until they die.”

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‘Dyson spheres’ were theorized as a way to detect alien life. Scientists say they’ve found potential evidence
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What would be the ultimate solution to the energy problems of an advanced civilization? Renowned British American physicist Freeman Dyson theorized it would be a shell made up of mirrors or solar panels that completely surrounds a star — harnessing all the energy it produces.

“One should expect that, within a few thousand years of its entering the stage of industrial development, any intelligent species should be found occupying an artificial biosphere which completely surrounds its parent star,” wrote Dyson in a 1960 paper in which he first explained the concept
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If it sounds like science fiction, that’s because it is: Dyson took the idea from Olaf Stapledon’s 1937 novel “Star Maker,” and he was always open about that. The late scientist was a professor emeritus at the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.
Still, coming from a thinker who some in the scientific community say might have been worthy of a Nobel Prize early in his career, the concept took hold and the hypothetical megastructures became known as Dyson spheres, even though the physicist later clarified that they would actually consist of “a loose collection or swarm of objects traveling on independent orbits around the star.”

In his paper, Dyson also noted that Dyson spheres would give off waste heat detectable as infrared radiation, and suggested that looking for that byproduct would be a viable method for searching for extraterrestrial life. However, he added that infrared radiation by itself would not necessarily mean extraterrestrial intelligence, and that one of the strongest reasons for searching for such sources was that new types of natural astronomical objects might be discovered.

“Scientists (at the time) were largely receptive, not to the likelihood that alien civilisations would be found to exist, but that a search for waste heat would be a good place to look,” said George Dyson, a technology writer and author and the second of Dyson’s six children, via email. “Science fiction, from ‘Footfall’ to ‘Star Trek,’ took the idea and ran with it, while social critics adopted the Dyson sphere as a vehicle for questioning the wisdom of unlimited technological growth.”

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